The education of British Muslims has evolved in the context of the policies of post-war immigration, integration and diversity policy. In reality, in situating these groups, popular systems of multiculturalism endorse notions of tolerance and secularity through the popularisation of a form of multi-culture that racialises the civilised, modern or backward in the construction of national identities (Haque 2010). By centring on cultural boundaries while de-emphasising structural disadvantage or racism (Joppke 2009), the phenomenon of Islamophobia (Sayyid and Vakil 2011) sets limits on how differences within societies merit recognition.

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